Most Children Are Sexually Assaulted By Strangers Essay

Societies are afflicted with the trauma of child abuse where the fear increases when the offender stands and laughs amongst the families of the child. It is said that children are not to be allowed to communicate with any strangers as these can be the abusers, this is just a myth. The following paper will attempt to prove that most of the children are abused by the people they already know. Introduction It is a well-known fact that child sexual abuse is a daily recurrence and the numbers and statistics that are presented are not the true depicters of reality of child abuse as there are many cases that go unreported (Bolen, 2001, p. 78). Many myths are associated with child abuse blurring the reality of child abuse. One of the most important myths that surround the issue of child abuse relates to strangers being held as frequent child abusers. Many authentic statistical figures prove otherwise. It has been generally highlighted that children should be watched for any communication and contacts with the strangers as most often the strangers are involved in abusing children sexually. Figures have highlighted that more than 85% of the children are sexually abused by the people they know and these usually include family members, fathers, family friends, and neighbors. These people being closer to the families and thus, the children, are more aware of the psychologies of the children that are exploited to approach the children in unethical ways (Cossins, 2000, p. 34). It is important to note that sex offenders look for a chance and an opportunity to abuse children. Strangers do not have the chance to explore the psychologies of the children as it is generally seen that children generally do not open up too well with the strangers as compared to the affections that they share with people they know. These affections make it much easier for the offenders to control the children before and after abuse (Richardson, and Bacon, 2003, p. 49). A study was carried out in three American states and it was found that more than 96% of children abused were under the age of 12 and were abused by the people they knew. The study has divided the children in two main categories, boys and girls. In case of boys under the age of 12, the study highlighted the percentages of offenders. Only 4% of the offenders were strangers, 20% of the offenders were fathers, 17% were family members and relatives while the rest of 50% offenders belonged to the category of friends. In the case of girls under the age of 12, 12% were abused by the family members, 33% were found to be abused by the strangers and 55% were offended by acquaintances (Itzin, 2000, p, 67). Another important fact that has been highlighted by the studies indicates the development of a relationship between the victim and abuser, and these relationships continue for an average of four years. Moreover, offenders and potential child abusers develop a relationship with the children and in some cases with the families of the children, in order to be acquaintances with the target children (Bolen, 2001, p. 40). Boston Globe published a report in 2000 that highlighted the findings of a group of psychologists treating sex offenders. It was mentioned that the case of child abuse by the strangers is very rare; still parents more often focus on strangers as the potential danger for their child while the threat comes from the families and even spouses. A report has been published by National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children in 2005 highlighting the dimensions and percentages of child abusers. The report indicated that 94% of abused children knew the abusers, 59% of the abusers were from the families, 35% of the abusers were acquaintances, only 3% were complete strangers, and on an average 22% of the children, boys and girls were abused by their fathers (Cossins, 2000, p. 89). Conclusion There is a need to realize that people from within the families are much more on a chance to be the offenders as compared to the strangers. Parents need to look inside their houses for offenders rather than looking on the roads and in parks for the potential dangers. References Bolen, M. R. (2001). Child sexual abuse: its scope and our failure. Springer. Cossins, A. (2000). Masculinities, sexualities, and child sexual abuse. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. Itzin, C. (2000). Home truths about child sexual abuse: a reader. Routledge. Richardson, S. , and Bacon, H. (2003). Creative Response to Child Sexual Abuse: Challenges and Dilemmas. Edition 2. Jessica Kingsley Publishers.

Colleges and graduate schools

Gaining admission to colleges and graduate schools has become far more difficult, as the competition has increased dramatically over the past few years. Even perfect SAT, GRE, and other standardized test scores are no longer enough grant you the edge you need to be sure of acceptance.The admission essay service we provide is your surest way of getting noticed by the admissions committees at even the most prestigious schools. Our writers are highly experienced and have succeeded in giving the winning edge to hundreds of persons accepted into Ivy League institutions. We will craft your essay to your best advantage, guaranteed.Scholarship EssayWinning a scholarship out of a pool of the best applicants in any given year means your scholarship essay must be of stellar quality. Our highly trained and creative writers are perfectly attuned to the spoken and unspoken requirements of scholarship boards in all disciplines.In fact, many of our writers have themselves sat on scholarship boards a nd know what it takes to get you the coveted prize. We will maximize the effect of your accomplishments, taking care to correlate them with the board’s requirements so that you’ll definitely be seen as the most outstanding candidate.Personal StatementMany of the personal statements currently being drafted by applicants leave admissions committees bored with their unimaginative content. Our service bypasses those banal and formulaic methods by infusing your statement with rich variety and bold creativity.While we accurately portray your academic and extra-curricular activities, we also dig deeper to the major implications of these facts, in order to maximize the effect of your accomplishments. With our help, your statement will be at once profound, interesting and demonstrative of the great intellectual and creative capacity that will win the attention of the toughest admissions board.

Current State of Education in Nigeria

CURRENT STATE OF EDUCATION IN NIGERIA INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND: Education can be referred to as an act or process of developing and cultivating, whether physically, mentally or mortally, ones mental activities or senses; the expansion, strengthening and discipline of ones mind, faculty etc; the forming and regulation of principles and character in order to prepare and fit for any calling or business by systematic instruction.The result of these is determine by the knowledge/’skill acquired, the discipline of character acquired, the act/process of training by a prescribed or customary course of study discipline. Education is also seen as a means towards understanding, awareness creation, enlightenment, controlling, altering and re-designing human destiny and environment with a view to achieving and sustaining a better quality of life for the individual and towards the full integration of the individual into his environment in particular and then his nation in general; making rea sonable contributions towards national developments.The nation’s view on education is government’s way of realizing that part of the national goals that can be achieved by using education as a tool. No views on education can however be formulated without first identifying the overall philosophy and goals of the nation viz: I. To live in unity and harmony as one indivisible, indissoluble, democratic and Sovereign nation founded on the principles of understanding. Freedom, equality and justice. II. To promote inter-African solidarity and world peace through mutual understandings and interactions.The main goals of education in Nigeria which have even been endorsed As the necessary foundation for the National policy on education are towards the building of: i. A fair, equitable and democratic society ii. A just and egalitarian society iii. A united, strong and self- reliant nation iv. A great and dynamic economy and v. A land full of bright opportunities for all citizens. In Nigeria’s own philosophy of education, we collectively believe that: i. Education is an instrument for national development and to this end, the formulation f ideas, their integration for national development and the interaction of persons and ideas are all aspects of education. ii. Education fosters the worth and development of the individual, for each individuals sake and for the general development of the society/nation iii. Every Nigerian child shall have a right to equal educational opportunities irrespective of any real or imagined disabilities and each according to his/her own ability. iv. There is the need for functional education for the promotion of a progressive and United Nigeria.To this end therefore, school programmes need to be relevant, practical, comprehensive and research oriented while interests and ability should determine the individual’s direction in education, which is an aspect of sustainability. STAGES OF EDUCATION IN NIGERIA: EARLY CHILDHOO D/ PRE PRIMARY EDUCATION IN NIGERIA: Early childhood/Pre-primary education refers to the education given in an educational refers to the education given in an educational institution to children prior to their entering the primary school. It includes: the creche, the nursery and the kindergarten stages.In Nigeria, the purpose of pre-primary education shall be to: i. Effect a smooth transition from the home to the school. ii. Prepare the child for the primary level of education. iii. Provide adequate care and supervision for the children while their parents are at work iv. Inculcate social norms into the children even from the earliest stages v. Inculcate into the child, the spirit of enquiry and creativity through the exploration of nature, the environment, art, music and playing with toys etc. vi. Develop a sense of co-operation and team spirit ii. Learn good habits, especially good health habits and viii. Teach the rudiments of numbers, letter, colours, shapes, forms etc through p lay. The responsibilities of government and other stakeholders for pre-primary education in Nigeria shall be to promote the training of qualified pre-primary school teachers in adequate number; contribute to the development of suitable curriculum, supervise and control the quality of such institutions as well as establish pre-primary sections in all existing public schools.In specific terms therefore, government shall: i. Establish pre-primary sections in all existing public schools and encourage both community and private/corporate efforts in the provision of pre-primary education. ii. Make provision in teacher education programmes for specialization in early childhood education. iii. Ensure that the medium of instruction is principally the mother-tongue or the language of the immediate community. And to this end, develop the orthography of many more Nigerians languages and produce textbooks in Nigerian languages. v. Ensure that the main methods/medium of teaching play and that the curriculum of teacher education is oriented to achieve thuis. v. Regulate and control the operation of pre-primary education in Nigeria by setting and monitoring minimum standards for early childcare centres in the country. vi. Ensure full participation of government corporate organizations, entrepreneurs communities and teachers associations in the running and maintenance of early childhood education and educational facilities throughout the country BASIC EDUCATION:In Nigeria, basi education shall be of 9- years duration comprising 6-years of primary education and 3-years of junior secondary education. It shall be free and compulsory. It shall also include adult and non-formal education programmes at primary and junior secondary education levels for the adults and out-of-school youths. The specific objectives of basic education in Nigeria shall be the same as the goals of the levels of education to which it applies (ie primary education, junior secondary education and adult /non à ¢â‚¬â€œ formal education). 1) PRIMARY EDUCATION IN NIGERIAPrimary education in nigeria as referred to on this document is the education given in institutions for children between the ages of 6 – 11 years and above. Pupils spend six years in the primary school level in Nigeria and graduate with a school-leaving certificate. And since the rest of the education system is built upon it, primary level is the key to the success or failure of the whole system. This being the case, the goals and objectives of primary education in Nigeria are to: i. Inculcate permanent literacy and numeracy as well as the ability to communicate effectively. i. Lay a sound foundation for scientific and reflective thinking iii. Give citizenship education as a basis for effective participation in and contribution to the life of the people in the society. iv. Mould the character and develop sounds attitude as well as morals in the child. v. Develop in the child, the ability to adopt the child’s cha nging environment. vi. Give the child opportunities foe developing manipulative skills that will enable the child function effectively in the society within the limits of his capacity and capability. vii.Provide the child with basic tools for further educational advancement, including preparation for trades and crafts of the locality. these goals from the basis of primary education in all the states of the federation and, in pursuance of the above goals, primary education in Nigeria shall be tuition free and compulsory. The curriculum for primary education therefore include: language (language of the environment, English, French and Health Education, Religious Knowledge, Agriculture/Home Economics, Social Studies/citizenship Education, Culture and Creative arts (ie Drawing, Handicraft, music and cultural activities), Computer Education etc.Teaching at the primary level shall be by practical, explanatory and experimental methods and the following educational services are expected to be provided: school library, basic health scheme, counseling, educational resource centre, specialist teachers of particular subjects like: mathematics, science, physical Education, language Arts (in relation to English, French, Sign language and Nigerian languages), librarians, music, Fine Arts and Home Economics. Primary school students are required to take a Common Entrance Examination to qualify for admission into the Federal and State Government Secondary Schools.The UBE came as a replacement for Nigeria’s universal primary education scheme of the 6-3-3-4 system of primary Education. The 9 – 3 – 3 – 4 system of primary education. The 9 – 3 – 4 system of education was designed in conformity with the MDG’s and education for all. The UBE involves 6years of primary school and 3 years of junior secondary school. Culminating into 9 years of uninterrupted schooling. Transition from one class to another is automatic but assessed through continuous assessment.This scheme is however monitored by the Universal Basic Education Commission (UBEC) and has been made free as well as a right of every child in Nigeria. To law stipulates a 9 –years formal schooling, adult literacy and non-formal education, skill acquisition programmes as well as the education of special groups such as: nomads and migrants, girl-child and women, Al-majiri, street children and the physically challenged. SUSTAINABILITY OF PRIMARY EDUCATION IN NIGERIA: To these effects, i. Special efforts shall be made by all appropriate agencies to encourage parents to send their children, especially, their daughters to school ii.Everything possible shall be done to discourage the incidence of dropping out at the primary level of education. But where this occurs, provisions shall be made in the context of adult and non-formal education to enable such early leavers to continue with their education. iii. Government therefore welcomes the contributions of vol untary agencies, communities and private individuals in the establishment and management of primary schools alongside those provided by the states and local governments as long as they meet the minimum standards laid down by the federal government. v. In recognition of the prominent role of Information and Communication Technology in advancing knowledge and skills necessary for effective functioning in the modern world, there is therefore urgent needs to integrate Information and Communication Technology (ICT) into education in Nigeria even at the primary level. v. Government shall therefore strive to provide basic infrastructure enabling environment and training facilities for the realization of all these goals at the primary school level. SECONDARY EDUCATION IN NIGERIA:Secondary education in Nigeria is the education children receive after primary education but before the tertiary stage. The Federal Republic of Nigeria is made up of thirty six states and the federal capital territo ry. There are about two federal government colleges in each state and these schools are funded and managed directly by the Federal Government through the ministry of Education. Teachers and staff of these schools are Federal Government employees and they possess at least, a bachelors degree in Education and/or in any particular subject area such as mathematics, physics etc. hese schools are supposed to be model schools carrying and maintaining the ideals of secondary education for Nigerian students. Admission is based on merit and determined by the national Common Entrance Examination taken by all final year elementary school pupils tuition and fees are very low, appropriately one hundred dollars ($100. ), because funding comes from the Federal Government State owned cesondary schools are funded by each state government and are not comparable to the Federal Government colleges.Although education Is supposed to be free in the majority of the state owned institutions, students are req uired to purchase books and uniforms costing them an average of two hundred dollars ($200). Teachers in state owned institutions usually have a National Certificate if Education or a Bachelor’s degree. Often, these schools are understaffed due to low state budgets, lack of incentives and irregularities in the payment of staff salaries Private secondary schools in Nigeria tend to be more expensive with average annual fees averaging from one to two thousand dollars ($100 – $200).These schools however have smaller classes, modern equipment cand better environments. Teachers n these schools all posses at least, a Bachelors degree in specific course areas and are sent for workshops or short – term programmes on a regular basis. The broad include the preparation of the student for: i. Useful living within the society ii. Higher education IN SPECIFIC TERMS HOWEVER, SECONDARY EDUCATION SHALL: i. Provide all primary school leavers with the opportunity fo education of a h igher level, irrespective of sex, social states religious and /or ethnic background. i. Offer diversified curriculum to cater for the differences in talents, opportunities and future roles. iii. Provide trained manpower in the applied science, technology and commerce at sub-professional grades. iv. Develop and promote Nigerian languages, art and culture in the content of world’s cultural heritage. v. Inspire students with a desire for self improvement and achievement of excellence. vi. Foster National unity with an emphasis on the common things that unite us in our diversity. vii.Raise a generation og people who can think for themselves, respect the views and feelings of others, respect the dignity of labour, appreciate those values specified under our THE PLANNING AND GUIDING EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT. Educational research and development in this context refers to all efforts aimed at facilitating the implementation of educational polices in the country, the attai nment of policy goals the promotion of effectiveness as well as the broadening of the entire educational system.STRATEGIES AND SUSTAINABILITY OF PLANNING AND GUIDING EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA. The strategies for the planning and guiding of educational research will include the following: i. Develop, assess, improve and expand educational programmes in line with what is obtained in the developed economies. ii. Enhancement of the teaching and then, improve the competence of teachers with state of the art equipments. iii. Making education more cost-effective. iv. Promoting in-service education v. Development and promoting effective use of innovative materials in schools and vi.Making learning experience more pragmatic and more meaningful for students so that the entire economy will be served with a more focused and committed labour force. In terms of sustainability, we suggest the following: i. State and local governments shall establish Teacher’s Resource centres where teachers will meet for discussions, investigations, study workshops, short courses and conferences. ii. Federal and state governments shall establish Educational Resource cntres whose activities would be multi-disciplinary. iii. Federal, state and local governments hall set aside a pre-determined percentage of their allocations to support research and development in line with UN resolutions. iv. Federal, state and local governments shall establish more public/mobile libraries as well as actively promote readership. v. Private establishments and proprietors shall also support research and development efforts in education especially in the establishment of state of the art libraries with established standards. They shall also provide for the training of librarians and library assistants for this service. i.MONITORING PROGRESS IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AMONG THE INDUSTRIAL AND EDUCATIONAL COMMUNITIES/ESTABLISHMENTS. This concerns itself with all efforts by the concerned authorities in the education ministries in ensuring that R/D efforts are strictly adhered to by educational establishments and even industrial organizations. STRATEGIES AND SUSTAINABILITY: All educational authorities in the country from the local to the federal levels should be held responsible for: I. Enunciating a National Policy on Education II. Setting-up and maintaining uniform standardsIII. Co-ordinating sound educational practices in Nigeria IV. Establishing a federal Inspectorate services would responsibities amongst others would include: to encourage the dissemination of information on innovations and progressive educational and research principles practices in the school system through publications, workshops, meetings, seminars, conferences and other means of interactions between and among the industrial and educational communities. V. Planning and organizing educational research on a national scale. VI.Acquiring storing and disseminating national educational data and ag encies research finding to communities, and industrial organizations. VII. Co –ordinating non-formal education including adult education, vocational improvement centres, correspondence cources etc etc. VIII. Co-ordinationg international co-operation in educational researches. For all the above strategies to be sustained, I. Special and adequate inducement shall be provided for all teachers and researchers even in the rural areas so as to make them stay on their jobs.II. Government must establish efficient services at federal, state and local government levels for the monitoring and maintaining standards at all levels of education and research III. Government must also establish an efficient research control and monitoring body to ensure that the findings of quality researches are dessimated to all desening communities agencies institutes and industrial organizations ii. ENSURING THAT PUBLIC AND EDUCATIONAL (R/D) EFFORTS WITH THE OVERALL DEVELOPMENTAL PLANNING OF THE NATION.It has already been stated that Nigeria’s philosophy of education believes that education is an instrument for national development. And to this end, the formulation of researches towards the development of ideas, their integration for national development and the interaction of persons/ideas are all aspects of effective education. STRATEGIES AND SUSTAINABILITY: The recommended strategies here would be to align our educational system so as to: i. Foster the worth and development of the individual for each individual’s sake and for the general development of our society. i. Ensure that every Nigerian child has a right to equal educational opportunities irrespective of any real or imagined disabilities, hindrances and shortcomings, each according to his/her ability. iii. Foster functional education for the promotion of a progressive and united Nigeria. And, to this end, school programmes need to be made relevant, practical and comprehensive while interest and ability shoul d determine the individual’s direction in his/her educational pursuit.For the above aim/objective to be sustainable in view with proper alignment with the overall development al planning of the nation as well as to be in harmony with Nigeria’s national goals, educational research and development has to be geared towards self realization of the students, better human relationship, individual and national efficiency, effective citizenship, national consciousness, national unity as well as towards social, cultural, economic, political, scientific and technological progress. All these will involve the following: i.Thorough inculcation of national consciousness and national unity into the students. ii. Through the inculcation of the right type of values and attitudes for the survival of the individual and the Nigerian society. iii. Through the training and re- training of the mind in the understanding of the world around and iv. Through the acquisition of appropriate and re quisite skills as well as the development of mental, physical and social abilities and competencies as equipment for the individual to live in and contribute to the development of the society. iii.LINKING RESEARCHERS WITH ENTREPRENEURS FOR THE COMMERCIALIZATION OF R/D RESULTS. Academic institutions the world over, are set up to provide an environment for teaching, research, community participation and the moulding of characters. Unfortunately, they have failed, in the case of Nigeria to meet the needs of the individuals in the promotion of economic self-reliance and self sufficiency. The starting point of research here would be on such educational services that would offer a range of educational experiences which would depend on the needs of the individual and the requirements of potential work places.Also, it must emphasize on the development of the job skills and work behaviours directed towards specific occupational requirements. Having done the above, a rapport would have been e stablished between researchers , their finding/ results and industrialists/entrepreneurs with a view towards the commercialization of R&D results. It is however expected that the concept of entrepreneurial skill development recently introduced by the NUC will be imbibed by all institutions of learning in Nigeria. Some of the mandates of the entrepreneurship section of the NUC is to: i.Promote linkage between academic institutions researches on the one hand and industrial/financial institutions on the other hand. ii. Promote the exhibitions of commercialized researches in Nigerian institutions of learning and. iii. Promote Knowledge Transfer Partnership (KTP) between Nigerian Universities and the individual, manufacturing and service sectors etc. For sustainability, the following are proposed: i. A serious partnership between our institutions of learning industrialists, entrepreneurs etc so that the findings of the volumes of researches conducted in our institutions will definitely g et to the end users. i. Findings/results of researches in our institutions should be collected and published periodically so that individuals, organizations and the government at all its tiers, levels and agencies would study and where necessary adopt such findings in their policy making processes iii. Our institutions of learning should be upgraded to become more research oriented. And to the effect, government and the organized private sector should advance more funds in upgrading our libraries, laboratories and research institutions across the country. iv.NURTURING PROJECTS BY THE USE OF FACILITIES OF TECHNOLOGY INCUBATION AND EDUCATIONAL PARKS. A project by definition is an optimum set of investment oriented activates by means of which a defined combination of human and material resources are expected to bring about a determined amount of economic and developmental benefits. It is also, an agreed fact in both private and government/public circles that a project involves the use of one or more scare resources within a specific period of time snd for the purpose of yielding some economic and social benefits/returns at a much later time.Projects are usually classified into: i. Current and/or capital projects ii. Private sector and /or public sector projects Men invest for the purpose of profit maximization, share holders wealth maximization, stock value maximization, market share maximization, capital gains and other intrinsic ownership/personal reason. Government on the other hand invests so as to improve peoples standard of living, provision of security, protection, social welfare, employment provision, health, education etc. No matter the type or form of a project, it involves the covering of several tages, each involving a different set of decisional processes too. While the starting point of any project is known as its â€Å"operation stage†. However, the entire series of activities that must be covered for the idea to the operation stage is refer red to as the â€Å"project Cycle†. Projects, either of the private or of the public sector type are most inevitable for the growth and development of any nation. It is also said that ideas rule the world, and this is the reason why our educational institutions are veritable breeding grounds for fresh ideas via technology incubation and educational parks.Technology education however incorporates post secondary education in technology offered in polytechnics, Monotechnics and Colleges of Education Technical. And the strategy here shall include: i. The provision of full-time and part time courses of instruction and training in engineering, other technologies, applied sciences business and management, leading to the production of trained manpower. ii. The provision of technical knowledge and skills necessary for agricultural, industrial, commercial and economic development in Nigeria. iii.Giving training and imparting the necessary skills for the production of technicians, techn ologists and other skilled personnel who shall be enterprising and self – reliant. iv. Training people who can apply scientific knowledge to solve environment problems for the convenience of man and v. Giving exposure on professional studies in the technologies. In the pursuance of the above goals and for the purpose of sustainability, Government shall adopt the following measures: In the pursuance of the above goals and for the purposes of sustainability, government shall adopt the following measures: i.Develop and encourage the ideas of polytechnic education through student’s industrial work experiences. ii. Improve upon immediate and long term prospects of polytechnic graduates and other professionals with respect to their status and remuneration. iii. At the very early phase of the education system, efforts shall be made to include an attitude of respect for and appreciation of the role of technology in society iv. Students shall be made to appreciate the dignity o f labour by using their hands in making repairing and assembling things. v.Polytechnics shall be encourage to conduct applied research relevant to the needs and aspirations of the nation. vi. polytechnics shall continue to maintain a two-tier programme of the National Diploma (ND) and the Higher National Diploma (HND) with one year period of Industrial experience. Serving as one of the pre-requisites for entry into the HND programmes. vii. Polytechnics that meet the requirement above shall be allowed to run post professional HND programmes. viii. The modes and operations of polytechnics shall be the same as in the monotechnics 6.PROMOTING STRATEGIC PROJECTS THROUGH DIRECT INTERVENTION WOTH PUBLIC AND PRIVATE BODIES: INTERACTION We had previously and comprehensively explained what public and private projects are. However, Strategic projects are those that expected to have far reaching effects on the life of the ordinary man, Corporate organizations and even the government. These proj ects are also those that are expected to impart positively on the development processes of the nation. Some of them would include: health educational, Transport, Aviation, Military and para-military, Information, Telecommunication and even space related projects.The importance of these projects permeated both the private and public sectprs of any nation and the need to promote and facilitate such projects require the simultaneous interation of our educational/research –based institutions with both the organized private sector and appropriate government agencies. Strategies for the achievement of the above would include the following: i. The government to understand that the success of any system of education research institute is hinged upon proper planning, efficient administration and adequate financing. ii.That administration is a function of organization and structure, proprietorship and control as well as inspection/ supervision. iii. School systems and research institut es as well as their management and administration shall grow out of the life and social ethos of the communities which they serve. iv. Shared responsibility for the funding and management of all educational research facilities by the three tires of government. v. Close participation and corporate organization at even he local levels in the administration and management of all educational research facilities. vi. Effective line of ommunication between local communities and government on the one hand and then educational/ research institutes and corporate organizations on the other hand vii. The integration of educational and research development policies with national objectives and programmes especially, as it concerns the evolution of strategic national projects. Sustainability here will require the following: i. Ensuring adequate and effective planning management and monitoring of educational/research services ii. Provide efficient administrative and management control for the mai ntenance and improvement of the entire systems. ii. Ensuring quality control through regular and continuous of supervision of instructional and other research related services. iv. Providing adequate and balanced financial support for all educational/research related services. v. Ensuring that the findings of all these research instituted are disseminated to the necessary public and private institutes that would need them. vi. The organized private sector to be more responsible to the needs of our academic/research institutes in partnership with government. 7. ADVISING THE GOVERNMENT ON EDUCATIONAL MATTERS AND IMPLEMENTING THESE POLICIES AND PROJECTSEducation all over the world is an expensive social services that require adequate financial provision from all tiers of government and even the private sector for the successful implementation of all the educational programmes and for the expected end results to be achieved. Government ultimate goal is to make education free at all leve ls and for the dividends of education to permeate across the strata of the entire society. The financing of education should be a joint responsibility of the faderal, state and local governments on the one hand, and the organized private sector, communities and even religious organizations on the other.In this vain and while government welcomes and encourages the participation of local communities, individuals and other organization. She must be adviced along the following lines: I. That the curricula of all the academic programmes taught in all our educational institutions need to be updated in order to reposition Nigeria’s manpower requirements to be able to keep-up with the constant dynamics of technological advances globally. II. There hould be an inclusion of a course on â€Å"entrepreneurship development† in allour institutions of higher learning so as to encourage corporate sector participation, encourage corporate sector participation, encourage corporate secto r participation, encourage self-employment and boost the ability of graduates to create jobs. III. Institutions should adhere to the quaota assigned to them for admission so as to portray national policy prescription with regards to the science/Arts ratio of 60% for science and 40% for Arts. IV.Youths and fresh graduates should be empowered primarily through the development of new government and corporate development of new governmental and corporate strategies/policies to teach, mentor, monitor and create new platforms for adequate self-expression and socio-economic mental alertness. V. Higher institution should strengthen their practical training programmes and skills acquisition through industrial attachment, field/practical training, university – industry interaction forum and adequate supervision of students on industrial attachment.VI. There should be a strong linkage between entrepreneurship and technology so that entrepreneurs can benefits form research and developmen t (R/D) outputs of our educational and research institutes VII. Research must be intensified on the various aspects of entrepreneurship such as educational, training, new ventures, finance, marketing, organizational strategies, technology, entrepreneurship characteristics and behavior, citizenship education etc. VIII.The public and private sectors should establish an effective feedback mechanism with graduates and their prospective employers so as to monitor graduate performance at work/industrial attachments in terms of knowledge, skills and adaptability that are needed in addition to the provision of adequate funding for institutions so as to enable them revitalize their academic and physical facilities/laboratories and equipments on a continuous basis in order to maintain high academic/research standards.IX. Finally and for all the above to be both possible and feasible, government should adhere strictly to the 25% of annual budgetary allocation to the educational sector of the e conomy. This however is in line with the UN budgetary prescription for educational. The will ensure adequate availability of funds for education at all levels and will also ensure that our educational institutions would bounce back to the days of glory when they were the veritable centres for urturing private and public projects with the use of the facilities of improved facilities of technology incubation and educational parks. This is exactly how it is in the developed countries of the world. Government must stop destroying itself will inconsequential issues of tenure elongation and financial indiscipline/corruption and set the pace for our technological breakthrough via spiritual ad serious improvements in our educational sector in all ramifications.

Networking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Networking - Essay Example Chief among those rules is this: Build applications that harness network effects to get better the more people use them† (Pang 2009). Unfortunately, there is still no exact definition available for this technology. In order to understand the concept of Web 2.0, one needs to be an information technology expert. The innovative web 2.0 has aid users to explore Internet in different ways. Similarly, this comes with the idea of collaboration and communication with users, people and organizations of analogous interest (Wang, Ching-Huang Wang et al. 2010). Moreover, many people discuss Web 2.0 by indicating YouTube, face book, twitter etc. These websites support features of Web2.0, as is composed of Rich Internet Application (RIA), Ajax, flash, web services, Service Oriented Architecture (SOA), iterative language and social web. The technologies associated with RIA are AJAX, Java FX, Microsoft Silverlight and Flex.The idea is to integrate desktop computing experience to the browser by integrating more than one application on the web browser. On the other hand another key component called as SOA provides a flexible platform for organizations to add services. As organizations expand businesses, SOA provides room to include innovative services and products. The primary objective of SOA is to add services as the business expands. Furthermore, Web 2.0 has introduced new social networking websites including improved interactions with employees, customers, suppliers etc. Issues Internet has blossomed vast opportunities for developers, programmers, businesses to operate a business. On the other hand, new threats keep on effecting Internet and services associated with it. Organizations are extremely cautious regarding the Internet security because Web 2.0 allows the involvement of core systems directly from the web sites. Moreover, almost everyone bank is now offering ‘online banking’ services, which needs security with strict compliance. Most of the issues related to Internet, fall’s in the domain of operational problems. Web users tend to give correct personal information online to websites and a forum, which is, unsafe. Likewise, when the user access websites, chat with friends, and download software for various purposes, a hidden file known as Trojans creates a hidden remote connection, providing all the information to the hacker. For instance, if a web user conducts an online transaction via a credit card, the Trojan will extract the credit card number as the user types it from the keyboard, and sends it to the hacker. Consequently, the hacker may use credit card, resulting in financial loss. In corporate business environments, the impact is even more as compared to the home user. Hackers may breach in databases, file servers, and data warehouses, to extract classified information related to future-plans, milestones etc. and denting the organization with substantial business loss. Pornography on the web is another debatable issue, when considering children. As numerous pornographic websites are providing high quality pictures and videos, that can be accessed easily. Pornographic statistics from ‘

Changing Criminal Behaviour Case Study Bert Essay

Changing Criminal Behaviour Case Study Bert - Essay Example In order to fulfil the study's first aim, recall and recognition will be tested in 100 to 150 adult participants. Eyewitness identification accuracy will be observed during this process. Participants will be required to watch a brief video, following this video participants will be required to answer a series of questions pertaining to that video. Another data collection will involve participants completing an online questionnaire which assesses accuracy of recognition and recall. The experiment aims at identifying the misidentification rates of adults and how recognition and recall can lead to false eyewitness testimony and subsequent false identification. In order to fulfil the study's second aim, the literature on the factors which promote and those which inhibit eyewitness accuracy will be reviewed. A list of inhibitors and promotors will be generated and subsequently employed to inform a set of recommendations for the enhancement of eyewitness accuracy. The researcher will organise and maintain a web based questionnaire and online video through Surveymonkey. The researcher will send the website a participants' inclusion and exclusion criteria and specify that all respondents are to be from Australia. A 100-150 participant figure will be requested. Surveymonkey will then inform its relevant participant database of the survey. 3.2. Research plan 3.2.1 Describe the theoretical, empirical and/or conceptual basis, and background evidence, for the research proposal, eg. previous studies, anecdotal evidence, review of literature, prior observation, laboratory or animal studies. NS 1.13 The goal of the proposed research is to examine conditions that may influence eyewitness memory. Wells and Loftus (2003) used a 'memory as trace' (p. 149) metaphor to compare physical evidence and memory. That is, memory for an event can leave a trace in the brain just like physical evidence (e.g., fingerprints, blood, and semen) can in the outside world. As will be discussed at length later, eyewitness identification procedures can be employed to minimize any bias or suggestion that can contaminate a witness memory. In the present studies the effects of certain estimator variables on eyewitness identification will be examined. More specifically, the issue of whether knowledge that one is viewing a crime suspect, compared to learning that one had seen a suspect after-the-fact, and the seriousness of the crime for which the suspect is wanted, will be investigated for their influence on identification accuracy in line-ups in which the suspect is either absent or present. An additional question is whether crime severity enhances memory for an individual, or whether attention needs to be directed towards the individual to influence memory. There is equivocal evidence that crimes of a more serious nature increase motivation to attend to the criminal scenario (Leippe, Wells, & Ostrom, 1978), while others do not support this finding. As eyewitness investigation is relevant to psychologists, the legal system, witnesses, the accused, and society at large, it is

Nursing Intervention to Encourage healthy Eating habits Among Term Paper

Nursing Intervention to Encourage healthy Eating habits Among Teenagers - Term Paper Example There are four steps in the development of nursing intervention, keeping in mind the encouragement of healthy habits among teenagers: Assessing: In this step, the nurse will have to assess the problem or the area where they have to start from. Here, the nursing intervention is to develop healthy eating habits among teenagers. So the nurse will have to assess and analyze those areas from where the research can be started. The targeted audience – teenagers – can be made a part of the study for the encouragement of healthy eating habits among them. Formulating an Intervention: After assessment of the area, the process leads to the second step – formulation of the intervention. In this step, observing the eating habits of the target audience will take place. The nurse will have to formulate a plan for how to intrude in the social life of the teenagers, make them recognize their unhealthy eating habits, and convince them to adopt a healthy diet. Even though junk food has its charms, according to a research conducted by the American Society for Clinical Nutrition (2003), the results showed that teenagers who consumed a higher amount of beverages than teens who did not were more prone to having a high blood pressure. It has also been claimed that too much intake of junk food can cause depression among teenagers (Tomer, 2011). Doctors and nutrition consultants strictly inhibit the regular intake of junk food, not only for teenagers but for everyone. A recent study published in Public Health Nutrition (Sanchez-Villegas et al., 2012) showed that teens who consume fast food are 51 percent more likely to develop depression than teens who consume less or no fast food at all. Enlightening the teens of today with the harms of fast food consumption and trying to develop reluctance in them for such might appear as the most challenging aspect of formulating an intervention. Implementing: The third step in nursing intervention is to implement the prepared set of plans. The step of implementation will include all the chosen subjects – teenagers – from the nurse on whom the formulation was attempted. In implementation, the results drawn from the research done can be shown to the subjects and any other people related to the subject. The priority viewers of the result will be the guardians or parents of the teens who, after showing the results, will be advised to decrease or condemn the fast food consumption in their child. Showing the results to the subjects and the harms caused by them might prove helpful, too, if they are willing to accept the flaws in their diet. Interviewing of relatives can also prove to be helpful in the deduction of results for the research being conducted. Evaluating: Upon reaching the end of the research, the nurse now has to evaluate the plan they implemented for intrusion and calculate the results obtained in a scale of positive to negative. The evaluation may take place by interviewing the teenage r subjects and asking them for their feedback. The same can be done to everyone in the subject’s social circle to know if the subject’s eating habits are considered beneficial for them or not. The interviews and feedback hold an important part in the step of evaluation because they will prove helpful for the researchers in their deducing of results. From the evaluated

Identify an up and coming or a new business, identify the strengths Research Paper

Identify an up and coming or a new business, identify the strengths and weaknesses or challenges, and your forecast of the company's success - Research Paper Example The business will gain from a corporation since all profits, losses and taxes are presented to the federal administration, and all the personnel as well as the owners file their individual income duties. The corporation can attract more financiers to the enterprise for development, and therefore, all losses, liabilities, and profits can be shared. Furthermore, lenders and vendors will award more prospects to a corporation. One of the limitations of the company is the double taxation since the owner has to pay taxes for the company as a distinct entity and the stockholders must file for the taxes too. This may prove tasking since the company has just been established and it is still trying to find its ground (Internal Revenue Services, par 3). Another challenge facing the company is keeping up with the marketplace since business settings change continually. The company must keep up with the market to meet its customers’ needs. The company can obtain information sources that afford insights on market trends and conditions (Internal Revenue Services, par 8). The other challenge is that the company does not have the right systems to delegate tasks and responsibilities. Financing the right systems such as quality control can improve the company’s productivity and convince clients that the firm can be trusted (Bizoffice par 2). Another challenge is welcoming change. Change can be overwhelming for a new company since change demands adequate resources and time, which the company may not have, and the company might not have the capacity to incorporate change (Internal Revenue Services, par 7). A change like personnel dismissal or changing suppliers can be dangerous for the business. Change demands coaching and developing personnel and being updated about the new technologies, which can be costly for a new company (Bizoffice par 3). The other challenge facing the company is the challenge of

Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 7

Case Study Example l has been classified by majority of sport investigators as a game sport, which depends on ‘adenosine triphosphate-phosphocreatine system’ and ‘lactic acid system.’ Nevertheless, it has been argued that a large volume of literature on fitness testing in field and individual sports such as running and cycling are performed more consistently, while the same for court sports such as basketball is contended to be fairly less. In the past, investigations pertaining to physiological and anthropometric profiles of elite basketball players have been evaluated. Notably, the performance pertaining to team sport is generally associated with various factors, specifically fitness of the team members, psychological attributes, team strategies and sport-specific expertise among others. In the present day context, several changes in the rules and development of strategies have been witnessed in the domain of basketball (Schelling & Torres-Ronda, 2013). Correspondingly, such changes have resulted in increasing physical demands of basketball players (Scanlan, Dascombe, Reaburn & Dalbo, 2012). In order to be a successful basketball player, a well-built physical fitness is extremely important for an athlete. Alongside, body size of players and elements including experience, stamina, body composition, stability between anaerobic fitness and aerobic fitness are determined to be vital for evaluating the performance of successful players. Coaches as well as sport scientists are identified to use battery of sport-specific physical tests for evaluating the aforesaid factors such as body size and composition, stamina and aerobic fitness. Testing is usually performed to determine the changes in athletes as well as to draw understanding regarding the efficacy of training programs. Sports science research has established certain values for determining the degree of changes within-athletes as well as between-athletes (Drinkwater, Hopkins, McKenna, Hunt & Pyne, 2005). Lately developed

Cost Cutting Energy Efficiency Solution for Southern Wal-Mart Stores Research Paper

Cost Cutting Energy Efficiency Solution for Southern Wal-Mart Stores - Research Paper Example Description of the case study Description of the case study Ideally, Walmart has operations overseas and across borders but its primary operations are in the U.S. With significant nearly 25% of its stores and clubs operating in the Southern U.S, Wal-Mart is southern branches contribute significant revenue (Corporate.walmart.com). Wal-Mart sells various merchandize ranging from household items to electronics. However, the energy consumption points are its stores and club operations spread in Southern region. Investment on energy efficiency is a fundamental strategy in cutting the costs in an organization such as Wal-Mart. Energy efficiency is an excellent approach in saving costs for a business without compromise on customer product or service delivery. In the ever competitive business environment, commercial buildings consume an average of 14.1 Kilowatt-hours (KWH) of electricity per year per given facility according to the online statistics that published recently. The extensive cos ts are highly impactful on the financial statements and profitability of an organization. In retail industry, maintaining minimum costs is effective to sustain profitability. Wal-Mart stores in the south operate on an energy saving strategies that dictate sharing of light systems. Furthermore, the company has a culture that encourages its employees to use electricity when necessary. Additionally, the company uses solar systems in some of its stores to offer alternative source. Despite all the above strategies, gap still exist to improve efficiency.

Investment project- Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Investment project- Finance - Essay Example Making a portfolio always give something extra ordinary to the investor and investors always like to have making a portfolio, as it not only increase its return but it also decrease the risk association from the same. Passive Investment strategy would be taken into account for the same. Passive investment can also be stated as passive management. It is a financial approach which refers to get hold on active selling and purchase dealings in short term profitability scenarios while having an intension to make investment in secure long term profitability with a minimum usage of resources (John L. Maginn, 2010). The passive investment approach is hugely relied and believes on pre determined strategy where there is no span for any potential anticipation rather strongly belief by fund manager or any financier to invest in long-standing period will be highly cost-effective. The whole stance is to evaluate the investment to its minimum level and to keep away negative impacts in the case of m alfunction in order to appropriately forecasting. Passive management is extremely viable in stock market in which index tracker is used to assess the index for equity market (John L. Maginn, 2010). Now days, it is gaining popularity and also being exploited progressively in other types of investment portfolios include bonds, supplies and hedge funds. The passive investing strategy is comprised under the following points: Maintaining a low cost, and to avoid unnecessary transactions Keep considering all the markets and avoid excessive disclosure to a specific industry Investment in the view of long-standing perspective Average Return of the Stocks Five years of return has been taken into consideration for the same. Average means, mean return which has been analyzed from different angles in total. The average return of all of the five stocks are mentioned below, Â   ANZ Contact Hallenstein SKY CITY Port Of Tarunga NZX 50 MEAN RETURN 15.92% 1.46% 14.90% 4.88% 17.91% 1.23% The mean r eturn of ANZ and Port of Tarunga are two of the major stocks which yields high return in total. The mean return of ANZ is 15.92%, while the mean return of Port of Tarunga is 17.91%. Both of the returns are high in nature. Apart from these two stocks, Hallenstien is yet another stock which has a mean return of 14.90%, while SKY City, Contact and NZX 50 has a mean return of 4.88%, 1.46% and 1.23% respectively. If it is extremely important for Mr. Thompson to put their money in the stocks this yields high return. Leaping over the result right away is not at all a good sign as there are other provisions as well, which could be taken account in the same. If equally dividing the proportion of 2 million then 1/6 = 16.66% would be allocated to each stocks, let’s find the average return in this scenario, = 2,000,000/6 = $ 333,400 In this scenario a net return of 9.38% could be envisaged which increased the financial portfolio of the company to a level of $ 2.18 million. Let’s n ow examine the standard deviation of each stock and then its correlation. Standard Deviation and Correlation Standard Deviation, Sharpe Ratio and Beta are all the same things and it analyze the essence and involvement of risk in a stock. This particular thing would be quite skeptical and important from the standpoint of an investment and analysts always try to enhance their portfolio by analyzing the same thing in total. The computed S.D of all of the

The Implementation of Modern Buildings in Both Methods Research Paper

The Implementation of Modern Buildings in Both Methods - Research Paper Example According to Pauwels, et al, (2009), the adoption of cost control used in many aspects of construction and some skills are important for controlling the cost in the design processes of project construction. The skills and implements could be useful in the construction industry in optimizing the design process and provide beneficial influence by increasing the number of successful projects hence promoting the development of the construction industry as a whole. In these modern times, the competition within the construction industry is always on the increase and the profit margins are continuously reducing. This is because all the investment in respect to construction projects is done with maximal benefit as the bottom-line. In any case, the best way for construction companies to keep the high profit as well as position in the market in this dynamic environment, the best techniques and methods are employed as a cost control mechanism to the project. The cost control in the financial ma nagement aspect of construction is vital in project management in the whole life cycle of a project. The success in managing costs affirms that the by-products of ay project are financially viable and worth the trouble. Cost control is a way of expressing business plans in financial terms. This expression in terms of money dimension focusing on the project plan and is a true representation of the maximum amount of money a client has budgeted for a project. Laying emphasis on the future, they set the foundation for active control management by recognizing components of the project in need of quick corrective actions to achieve the desired outcome.

Bureaucracy and self-government Essay Example for Free

Bureaucracy and self-government Essay When a government creates policies, regulations, laws and guidelines, it rigorously and astutely applies them through what is called an act and service of public administration. Public administration is then implemented within an organizational structure. The bureaucracy that this structure operates illustrate the various operatives and/or personnel and/or leaders that makes the decision and leads the methodologies, tactics and strategies to implement the said policies, regulations, laws and guidelines. The bureaucracy is likewise responsible in ensuring the efficient and effective ways and means for such act and service. In executing its mandate, public administration must be dynamic. It must have a natural course of evolution and appropriate change and improvements that responds to the multifarious and complex demands of public service; constituent needs and demands and expectations. â€Å"Bureaucracy and Self-Government†¦Ã¢â‚¬  is a book that gives enlightenment and on how concepts of public administration renders its appropriate service to the American people. The Book’s Insights Bureaucracy in its principle is the rational and academic structure of the organizational process in rendering service and implementing policies and procedures of any institution – like the government. The positive principle of bureaucracy has however evolved into a negative context in the modern time wherein red tape and other forms of inadequacies. It is because the bureaucracy in rendering public administration operates within two types of concepts. It is therefore very important and interesting that Dr. Cook laid out in his book that public administration in American politics is operated both within the instrumental concept and in the constitutive concept. The instrumental concept believes that the job of bureaucracy in public administration is to execute the instructions of public officials. Within the simplicity of this concept there lies the insufficiency of complete rendering of public service. That is the reason why Dr. Cook has outlined that the past two centuries of America is a struggle to create life and meaning and expectations of the instrumental concept of public administration and service. The constitutive concept believes that the job of bureaucracy in public administration is to shape and characterize public policy and political community. This concept allows formative methods that bring shape and structure to laws and policies of government. Creativity and dynamic insights and foresights of government officials and public administrators are exercised in using this concept. The concluding insight of Dr. Cook in â€Å"Bureaucracy and Self-Government†¦Ã¢â‚¬  outlines principles of responsible public administration. Firstly, with proper responsibility in governing and administering comes along an unlimited ability. A complete and consummate commitment to adherence to the law must be characterized in the proponents of public administration. Government leaders and officials must take the rule of law as their way of life. Secondly, within the rule of law â€Å"an adequate sphere of constitutionally legitimate independence must be carved†. (Cook, 1996, page 177). This principle is coherent with what government administrators have sworn to in fulfilling their duties and responsibilities. It is important that discretion of the law is carried out with integrity. The Book’s Presentation The book is presented in a very scholarly format. He extensive experience of Dr. Brian J. Cook in the study of politics and public administration render authority on the subject matter. The book is seemingly passionate in pursuing ways and means for public administration to still attain its ideals. The book traced well established historical background that served the impetus on how American government administration and management has evolved – thus providing the foundation of the conduct and manner of public administration of modern day. Whatever the course of history and evolution American politics and public administration may have tracked and traced, the book offers confidence and hope that the better of valor shall surface in public administration in America. The Book’s Author Dr. Brian J. Cook is presently a Professor in the Center for Public Administration and Policy in the School of Public and International Affairs of Virginia Tech. He earned his BA degree in Political Science in 1977 from Cleveland State University with magna cum laude honors. His further education in government and politics earned him is masters in 1982 and doctorate in 1984 – both from the University of Maryland. He has taught; lectured and done research on politics and government since 1979. Dr. Cook has been endowed with numerous foundation and university grants and government sponsored research. He has written and published three books: â€Å"Bureaucratic Politics and Regulatory Reform: The EPA and Emissions Trading† (1988); â€Å"Bureaucracy and Self-Government: Reconsidering the Role of Public Administration in American Politics† (1996) and â€Å"Democracy and Administration: Woodrow Wilson’s Ideas and the Challenges of Public Management† (2007). In addition he has written and published numerous book chapters; peer reviewed and non-reviewed articles; book reviews; conference papers and reports covering a very wide array of thoughts, principles and theories in American politics, government, administration policies. (Brian J. Cook Curriculum Vitae, 2008, pages 1-2) Works Cited: Cook, Brian J. Bureaucracy and Self-Government: Reconsidering the Role of Public Administration in American Politics John Hopkins University Press, 1996 Brian J. Cook Curriculum Vitae, September 2008 http://www. cpap. vt. edu/doc/BJC_Curriculum_Vitae_09-08. pdf [accessed 2 June 2009]

Impacts of globalisation on Walt Disney

Impacts of globalisation on Walt Disney Globalization is a process where there is increasing of connectivity and mobility of the worlds markets as well as businesses where they are expanding from domestic to international ones. Since the last two decades, advancement of technology has speed up the process to make travelling, communicating and business globally much more easily. The two major driving forces of globalisation are advances in telecommunications infrastructure and internet. As economies are more connected to each other, opportunities increase as well as competitions. Nowadays, most of the company in the world adapted globalisation to secure their position within the competitive market, for example, The Walt Disney Company (TWDC), yet there are still negative impacts on the company. http://www.investorwords.com/2182/globalization.html Walt Disney  is one of the largest media and entertainment corporations in the world in term of revenue which is originally known as the Disney Brothers Cartoon Studious. It is founded by Walter Elias Disney on October 16, 1923 and his brother Roy Disney. It is the leading diversified entertainment and media multinational enterprise with five business segments worldwide which are media networks, parks and resorts, studios entertainment, consumer products and interactive media. The companys key products and services are as follow: http://corporate.disney.go.com/investors/index.html Media networks: Domestic broadcast television network Television production and distribution Domestic television stations Cable and satellite networks and international broadcast operations Domestic broadcast radio networks and stations Internet operations Parks and Resorts: Walt Disney  World Resort Disney Cruise  Line Disneyland Resort ESPN Zone Disneyland Resort Hong Kong Disneyland Tokyo Walt Disney Resort Disney Imagineering Studio Entertainment: Theatrical distribution Home entertainment distribution Television distribution Audio products and music publishing Consumer Products: Character merchandise and publications licensing Books and magazines Buena Vista games The Disney Store Disney Catalog and disneydirect.com Interactive Media: Disney Interactive Studios Disney Online In this assignment, we will be concentrated more on Disney Theme Parks and Resorts and touch a little bit on its other business segments: Disneyland Resort in Anaheim California. Walt Disney World Resort in Orlando Florida. Tokyo Disney Resort in Tokyo. Disneyland Resort Paris in Paris. (Formerly EURO-Disney) Hong Kong Disneyland Resort in Hong Kong. In order to expand its business, Disney chooses countries with high Disney awareness and affinity, large population centres with stable economies and people having disposable income to spend on leisure. The most important are the market size where it has to be large to guarantee a steady flow of visitors, and level of real income of consumers to have a certain spending power to enjoy leisure activities. The availability of infrastructures as well as skill levels in the host economy and other resources must take into account too follow by other aspects like political, trade policies and macroeconomic stability. To see whether a theme park operation is successful or not, it is highly depends on the stability of political and economical circumstances in the host country to avoid any negative impacts on its business. The characteristics of globalisation are there is an increase in foreign sales, foreign direct investment, expanding market size, communications, global competition, rapid increase and expansion of technology, liberalisation of cross border movement, development of supporting services, etc. Foreign Direct Investment Globalisation leads to increases foreign direct investment of a company from its country of origin into other countries. According to Stephanie Rohac (2006), foreign direct investment is the international flow of capital by creating or expanding a subsidiary in another country. It may be made through established a new enterprise or acquisition of an existing entity. A firm becomes multinational in the case of establishing in two or more countries business enterprises through FDI. Foreign direct investment provides job opportunities, and increase in transfer of skills as well as technology. The headquarter of The Walt Disney Company is located in United States, in order to expand its theme park and resort businesses, Disney develops its foreign markets by doing foreign direct investment in California, Tokyo, France and Hong Kong. After the success of its first venture of Disneyland in Anaheim, California, The Walt Disney Company (TWDC) continue to expand into Asian fields with Tokyo Disney in Tokyo. Nearly twenty years later, the company decided to do its expansion into the European market and here come Euro Disney which is now known as Disneyland Resort Paris. The theme park Euro Disney was expected to bring $600 million in foreign investment into France every year and it is the largest single Foreign Direct Investment ever in France. Lastly, back to Asia again, followed by Hong Kong Disneyland. http://books.google.com.my/books?id=9PqwNoOJagoCprintsec=frontcoverdq=foreign+direct+investment+of+disneysource=blots=Yap4ZathyBsig=Dkmc0vKm5ajWEuErX5x_E93osq0hl=enei=hCP_TJjSCcLirAfyyt2ACAsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=10ved=0CFQQ6AEwCQ#v=onepageqf=false Mergers and Acquisitions According to QuickMBA.com, merger is the combination of assets and also liabilities of two companies to form a single entity while acquisition is when a larger firm took over the small ones. http://www.quickmba.com/finance/mergers-acquisitions/ According to Paul R. La Monica (2006), Disney bought over Pixar which is owned by Apple and led by Steve Job, a deal that worth $7.4 billion. The deals included Steve Job becoming one of the board members of Disney and 2.3 shares of Disneys will be issued for each Pixar share. Merger of these two companies will bring higher quality of films to the people around the world as well as generates higher profit. http://money.cnn.com/2006/01/24/news/companies/disney_pixar_deal/ Actual Impacts of globalisation on Walt Disney Political Positive impacts According to Stephanie Rohac (2006), France government has reduced 18.6% of value-added tax on Euro Disneylands ticket sales to only 7%. Besides that, 20 years loan of $960 million at low and subsidized interest rates of 7.85% is provided too. Variety of investment incentives are offered by the host governments to encourage foreign investors to invest into their country. The main issue of France government facing at the time was its unemployment rates increased by 10%. The opening of Euro Disneyland can actually solve the problem where it creates more than 30,000 new construction jobs, 12,000 on-site positions and 30,000 jobs in off-site serving. Economical Positive impacts Brand recognition worldwide The Walt Disney Company markets itself worldwide, creating huge revenues and further establishing itself as a global brand. As the business globalised, Disney brand is known by people globally and merchandising has played an important role in establishing the Disney brand. Market size Due to globalisation, company increases its market size from domestic to international market. By investing into various countries of its theme park and resort business as well as exporting its products to other countries, Disney has enlarged its market size at the same time. According to James Ketterer (2010), the very first Disney Store was opened 28th March 1984 in Glendale, California. The Disney stores are located worldwide, throughout the US, UK, Spain Italy, Japan, and France. Since May 1st 2008, the Walt Disney Company owns all Disney stores in America, Canada and Europe, however the stores in Japan are owned by the Oriental Land Company, for example, Disneyland Tokyo. In the year 2004 alone, merchandise has made $2.5 billion for the company, a figure that shows how globally successful Disney really is. http://www.suite101.com/content/disney-and-globalisation-a196391 Financial Revenues by country of origin: The US and Canada,  Walt Disneys largest geographical market, accounted for 76% of the total revenues in the year 2009. Revenues are generated through other countries of origin: Europe  (17%), Asia Pacific (5%) and Latin America and other (2%). Revenues Operating Income (in millions) 2009 2008 2007 2009 2008 2007 Country of origin: United States and Canada $ 27,508 $ 28,506 $ 27,286 $ 4,923 $ 6,500 $ 6,052 Europe $ 6,012 $ 6,805 $ 5,898 $ 1,158 $ 1,423 $ 1,192 Asia Pacific $ 1,860 $ 1,811 $ 1,732 $ 430 $ 386 $ 437 Latin America and Other $ 769 $ 721 $ 594 $ 161 $ 175 $ 156 Total $ 36,149 $ 37,843 $ 35,510 $ 6,672 $ 8,484 $ 7,837 The data above is obtained from Walt Disney 20009 annual reports. Regardless the financial performance of Walt Disney, try to imagine what would be the revenues and operating income of Disney if it has never globalise. Globalisation helps Disney to gain its revenues from all over the world instead of only from its host countries, United States. The total revenue in year 2007 was $35,510 million. The total revenues increased by 6.6% to $37,843 million in 2008. However, the total revenues dropped by 4.5% to $36,149 million in 2009. Negative impacts Global Recession According to Jason Garcia (2009), during the global recession in year 2009, despite the favourable timing of the busy Easter holiday, Walt Disney Parks and Resorts suffering from downfall of its operating profit and total revenues by 19% and 9% respectively. Disneys profit and revenues in United States have declined by 26% and 7% to $954 million and $8.6 billion respectively. Although Walt Disney World is having the same amount of visitor compared with the previous year and 10% more guests in Disneyland, Disney does not make any profit as it gives out discounts and special deals to uphold the attendance level of visitors. http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2009-07-31/news/disney_1_walt-disney-disney-world-disney-parks Financial Crisis According to Wu Jin (2009), during 2009 global financial crisis, Hong Kong Disneyland left with no choice and plan to raise its entrance ticket prices by nearly twenty percent. The decision was made after numbers of market surveys have been conducted where the tourist visits are not affected by prices but seasonal factors. However, Hong Kong Disney have been threatened and boycotted by local travel agencies and public dismay, hence, it adjusted its price strategy again. http://www.china.org.cn/travel/news/2009-02/05/content_17226206.htm Global competitions A company at first have its own competitors in its domestic market, however, due to globalisation, there are more competitors as it has to face global competitions with international competitors. Company tends to strive to be better in order to compete with its competitors. Walt Disney Company has its own competitors in each and every one of its business segments locally and internationally. However, its major competitors are CBS Corporation (CBS), News Corporation (NWS) and Time Warner Incorporation (TWX). They compete directly with Disney in various business lines which is shown in the chart below: Disney CBS News Corp. Time Warner Films Theme parks Cable networks Broadcast networks Television stations Radio Internet Social Positive impacts Consumer Spending Source: http://bigpicture.typepad.com/comments/2005/11/why_the_focus_o.html The table above shows where United States people spent their money. And it shows that most of their spending is on entertainment: publishing industries, motion picture and sound recording industries, broadcasting and telecommunications as well as amusements, gambling and recreation. This is favourable to Disney as it business focuses on those entertainments. Negative impacts Cultural Differences As every country have different cultural practices, Disney need to add local attractions to attract local consumers. For example, in Hong Kong Disneyland, a Mickey Mouse mascot is wearing a bright red Mao suit while Minnie Mouse mascot is wearing a cherry blossom red dress. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/22/arts/22arts-ACHINESEMAKE_BRF.html Besides that, employees in the theme parks have to know different languages in different Disneyland theme parks, in Hong Kong Disney land, they speak both English and local dialects like Cantonese and Standard Mandarin. Their brochures and maps are printed in those languages too with additional Japanese language. And the most special one, they actually included sharks fin soup in their menu. http://www.springerlink.com/content/h6335466636hw877/ Technology Positive impacts Nowadays, technology has become a very increasingly important tool to compete with rival companies and industries. The development of technology like video editing software, high definition and 3D have a strong impact on film producer like Walt Disney to helps them in producing the film efficiently. According to Bloomberg (2010), the latest Walt Disney animation movie which is named Alice in the Wonderland which comes with 3D resolution have hit 210.3 million ticket sales in worldwide and 116.3 million in United States. The improvement of technology brings better sales to Walt Disney. http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-03-07/disney-s-alice-in-wonderland-makes-116-million-sets-records.html Negative impacts Before the existence of internet in year 1955, consumers purchased entertainment products such as music CDs from entertainment outlets. As technology advances, entertainment industry has been affected with the existence of Peer-to-peer (P2P) architecture which implemented worldwide. According to Sammy Khayat (2004), P2P is the distributed computing network where people directly shares files or resources from computer with others without going through central server, for example Napster. Hence, people no longer buy CDs from the shops anymore. According to the Recording Industry Association of America, the number of CDs shipped in United States feel 15% from 940 million to 800 million between year 2000 and 2002 which brought to dropped in sales about $2.5 billion. Copyright infringement is expanding as people often do file sharing over internet which allows them to download free music and then send to their friends which is a great threat to Disneys entertainment business. Other than t hat, pirated CDs, DVDs and soft toys give big impacts to Disney as well. http://www.personal.psu.edu/sbk142/disney.htm Environment Negative impacts Bad weathers like rain and thunderstorm decreases entrance tickets sales of Disney theme parks as consumers will be taking the consideration under the hazardous weather. Take Gold Coast theme parks as example, the wet weather at south-eastern Queensland had affected the revenue of the company to fall. http://www.smh.com.au/business/wet-weather-means-less-fun-for-theme-park-profits-20101102-17cd3.html Legal All Disneys cartoon characters like Mickey Mouse are trademarked, hence other people cannot use them without authorization. There was a case back in year 1989 where there were three day-care centres in Florida painted Mickey Mouse and other Disney cartoon characters on their wall and Disney took legal action against them. The rival, Universal Studios replaced with its cartoon characters after Disneys were removed. http://www.snopes.com/disney/wdco/daycare.asp Besides that, technology advancement has led to pirated products such as soft toys which cannot be controlled by the company as it goes worldwide in huge numbers. Potential impacts of Globalisation on Walt Disney Lifestyle influences Nowadays, people are so stressful to face their problems at workplace, school and even at home. Tensed lifestyle is favourable to Disneys business which is concentrate on entertainment sector as people tend to spend their money on entertainments just to make themselves feel more comfortable and relax. This can actually lead to increase in Disneys sales and revenues. Technology advancement As the technology advances, Disney can cut its labour costs. For example, in Disney theme parks, people can buy their tickets from ticket machines where there is no need ticket booths that require workers to sell the entrance tickets. Operators are no longer requires if the theme park is fully computerized, where the roller coasters, marry-go-round, etc, will automatically run when consumers are ready to go. Besides that, future technology can makes Disney films more interesting, maybe it will be in 4D or 5D where people can experience new things and they are willing to spend their money for new kind of entertainment. Disney can also be innovative in their theme parks and come out with new kind of games, gadgets and amusement rides to attract more consumers. In this way, Disney can generate more revenue due to its new technology. Strategy China is having a population of 1.26 billion people which is equivalent to 20 percent of the worlds total population. With the humongous population and established relationship with Chinese Government, its foreseen by the Walt Disney Company that there is high demand for entertainment and the fourth Disney theme park, Hong Kong Disneyland can generates revenue by entering the country. Besides that, the labour cost in China is two third lower than Disneys other theme parks where lower costs generate higher profit. Disney can actually expand more of its businesses into China as it is having very huge and potential market. With one child policy in China, the grandparents as well as parents are pampering their child and they are willing to spend money on entertainment that their child wanted like theme parks and movies. The adults who are facing problems simply need entertainments just to relax themselves. The demand for entertainment is very high in China, however, due to their lower incomes, they may not afford to pay for it. Disney should have brought down its selling prices and hence generates more sales. Besides that, Disney has to understand their cultural practices and try to adapt local custom by doing more market researchers, interview and questionnaires, so that the company can roughly have an idea on what the local people prefer. There are a lot advantages for China if Disney to expand its businesses at China where the business can helps to raise its technology level, provide job opportunities for its people and increase its economic growth. In my opinion, the barrier for Disney to enter China should not be a problem. Source: http://www.indexmundi.com/china/unemployment_rate.html The table above shows the unemployment rate in China from year 2004 to 2010, the data is for urban areas only, including migrants may boost total unemployment to 9%, substantial unemployment and underemployment in rural areas. If Disney further expands its business in China, it can help to reduce China unemployment like how it helps Frances. The Walt Disney Company is having a strong brand name and reputation in this world, it should keep it up and achieve its mission all the time which is to make everyone happy. I believe that Disney will never fail in its business and always stay at the top level.

Event Management Of Rio Carnival Festival

Event Management Of Rio Carnival Festival Introduction: The event selected in order to complete this piece of work is the Rio Carnival. This is one of the famous festivals and it is held before Lent and it is known as one of the biggest festival where the participant public is more than two million in numbers each day. The festival is one of the oldest one as well. Before going in to further detail of the event and covering the topic as of different required angles the researcher will give a brief account about event management and the advances which has taken place with the passage of time and introduction of latest technologies. (Getz, 2007) Life is full events that are not only interesting but full of attractions and adventure for the public. There has been a lot said and discussed and mostly one might find destinations under tremendous pressure as they are not sure how to deal by means of these events and save them as of becoming a touristic product. In the past, major events have been victim of different unwanted actions which has not only spoiled the image of the destination but in addition the fame of the event has been affected to a great extent. In the present world where technology through media has covered all the entertainment aspects for public and public can enjoy the event as of the confinement of their home just by sitting in front of their television sets, still the real joy is for live entertainment as public want to participate and be part of the colourful environment which cannot be captured or experienced through television no matter how good they are captured. A superior repeatable Event Management method offers an organization with the aptitude to sense Events, recognize them, and then choose on a suitable control commotion or action to avoid an occurrence and/or service disruption. Suitable activities or behaviours can comprise of an action to release an event or to trace an event. Well-organized service procedures base on the well-timed handling of the several activities essential to avoid confrontations and service outages. (Reisinger, 2009) As Event Management offers the capability to sense incidents before time, an association can configure technology to sustain an Event Management procedure to activate an event after it has been mechanically noticed and be automatically allocated to the suitable resolver faction for action before any definite service disruption or outage happens. Employing technology to sustain an Event Management procedure makes it probable for a few activities to be observed by exemption which can assist eradicate the requirement for costly and supply concentrated real time monitoring, whereas at the similar time, dropping unavailability or down time. Inside Event Management there are some altered kinds of events to handle which include: Normal Operation Events: These kinds of events can comprise an automatic announcement that a planned workload job has ended as usual or a consumer has logged into an appliance that they had the right point of admission to, or an email has attained an anticipated receiver. Standard process events are significant to observe since they might stand for a breach of policy or non observance to a development. (Richards et al., 2010) Exception Events: These kinds of events might comprise user endeavours to access an application with an wrong password too many times or, a devices CPU is above an acceptable utilization rate or a PC scan reveals the installation of unlawful software. (Reisinger, 2009) Unusual Events: These kinds of events typically represent something unexpected and require immediate notice such as server memory utilization within 5% of the highest expected performance level, or the conclusion time of a transaction 10% longer than normal. The key point with any of these event kinds is that instant action should occur in order to either raise an incident record or a dismiss and log of the event for further monitoring and trending. The Benefits of Event Management: By officially applying these key activities of an Event Management course, organizations are able to augment effective efficiencies by becoming more practical at managing operations that knowledge faults and service outages. In todays multifaceted IT environments, the degree of data being produced on a daily basis can be irresistible plus uncontrollable devoid of controlled and repeatable processes and the technology to support those processes. Millions of trades deals that rely on IT prop up are conducted every day. Devoid of an accepting of critical business processes, managing events turns out to be an unproductive best guess endeavour. (Getz, 2007) An outline of what the festival/event is: The carnival held once a year in Rio de Janeiro in Brazil is the for the most part well-known party in the world, growing year-on-year and attracting hundreds of thousands of foreign as well as national tourists. In the week about festival 80% of the yearly consumption of beer is drunk plus 70% of the yearly tourist profits are composed, undoubtedly showing the significance of the event inexpensively? To Brazilians festival and dancing are as significant as football, which is really saying something! The roots of festival: The name carnival comes as of the Latin word carnelevare meaning abstinence as of the eating of meat and poultry. Carnival week is held to agree by means of the start of the Roman Catholic period of Lent, 40 days prior to Easter. Lent is conventionally a period of abstinence, prayer and self-evaluation for Christians and represents the 40 days that the Bible tells us Jesus spent in the desert resisting the temptations of Satan. As the dates for Easter vary each year so do those for the main carnival weekend. There are several parades and parties by plus following the main labelled events in the Sambodromo, some of which are free plus held in the street in various districts about the city or as practice weekends in the central site itself. (Dunne L et al., 2002) Carnival as a festivity of music, dancing, misbehaviour as well as extremes plus dates back to the ancient Roman carnival of Saturnalia which was introduced in 217 BC to lift the confidence of battle-weary Romans next overcomes by the Carthaginians. It was classically a week of eating, drinking as well as the deride turnaround of the communal order, slaves being given several further liberties for instance Several Roman Emperors such as Augustus and Caligula tried to shorten the festivities to 3 days but were met by means of such chaos plus were forced to depart the occupants to their social gathering. (Getz, 2007) Rio Carnival today: Even though Rio Carnival may not be the lone party in Brazil, is still expensive well-known. As far as the participants are considered, biggest carnival in terms of member is held in Recife in the North where in 2006 1.5 million people took part. The Rio event has developed repeatedly since its occurring back in the 17th Century furthermore every year it grows in size and more area and samba schools turn out to be mixed up in the spectacle. Blocos (Blocks) are tiny or middle sized congregation of musicians and dancers drawn as of neighbourhoods who parade with a challenging topic, motto and point. They could be clothed in matching T shirts or in extra excessive outfit and there are now over 100 Blocos, numerous of whom do not even go away as of their street or neighbourhood while displaying. Hundreds of local people congregate and escort them in their hard work. (Richards et al., 2010) Over deeply financed samba schools are huge groups of performers which participate in parade competitions in a particularly built Sambodromo. These schools procession held on the 4 major nights of the carnival, along with the title parade person held on the Saturday night. The official opposition can be alienated into 10 categories and a winner picked as of each distribution after being reconsidered on each of the following; drumming band, Samba song, Harmony, Flow and spirit, subject of the year, Overall impression, Floats and props, Costumes, Vanguard group and Flag bearer. There are 4 judges in each group and these people sit in booths along the parade route in the Sambodromo. Great standing is awarded to the winners and the rivalry is taken very critically with massive amounts of attempts, exercise and money invested. (Reisinger, 2009) Entrance tickets for the Sambodromo parades are awarded and as such are costly even in the low-priced bleacher seats which cost some hundred dollars. Places in the VIP boxes run to thousands of dollars as they offer the spectator much more ease and availability of facilities, open bar, 3 course dinner etc. for what is a lengthy of viewing. Tickets and some hotels frequently sell out months in advance so if you want to go ensure a longer way in advance. The stakeholders: Keeping in mind the nature of the event it turns out to be clear that the stakeholders are basically the tourists and local audiences that come as of everywhere to enjoy this event, its colour and the different parade and dances which are the very major part of this festival. (Bichou et al., 2007) Social-cultural benefits and issues linked with festival: The modern world is facing threats like terrorism and target killing and there are many parts of the world where the criminals wait for such mega events so that they can get a chance to cause damage on high scales. The damage can be anything like robbing, killing and even bomb blasts which are normally the key focus for terrorists in todays world. The community may always feel itself at risk during such programs and events as the ratio of crime is higher and its difficult to trace and control due to the size of event. Talking about benefits, festival like Rio brings business to the country and enables the foreigner to understand the culture of the native people. Not only does it attract people for long time but even in the four (Getz, 2007) What tourists might perceive as an attempt to get closer to the authentic and to break through to the back region, hosts will often perceive as a violation, an infringement on private and personal space, and these differing perceptions shape the power relations flanked by hosts and tourists. Just as objects are altered as they are placed in the front and false back regions, the hosts are alienated through their roles in the business: they become anders, someone other than what they once were. This view of how hosts and their culture are changed allows me to locate the central notion of authenticity in the critique of the tourism business in the works in my learning. The three authors portray tourism as making those who live and work in the business anders. Returning to the notion of front and back regions, then, I argue that the artists portray the genuine back region as a space that has been lost or is threatened by tourism, as it is gradually becomes anders and is turned into a false, staged back region. The learning depicts tourism and its impacts as a threat, implicitly noting a failure to protect the authenticity of the back region as of tourism. Discussion on how the festival event can help to foster cultural understanding There are many possible ways in the carnival may help in order to foster cultural understandings. The world has turns out to be small village and as a result people have turns out to be closer to each other with the help of Information technology. That is the main cause behind the fact that people want to know about each others culture values and beliefs as they find knowing about these cultural values very interesting. In order to get the cultural understandings events like The Rio Carnival plays a key role as not only the fact that its is very attractive but at the same time its one of the famous and big festival that automatically attracts the attention of people as of all over the world and they want to know about it, how it started and the other linked cultures with it. (Bichou et al., 2007) People as of all over the world as mentioned earlier fly to Brazil to enjoy this festival. This gives them opportunity to know about the local cultures and the different interesting facts that may be associated with these cultures which may vary after every hundred miles depending on the locals of the country and different cultural beliefs which they may possess. Recommendations for mitigating negative social and cultural impacts of the event festival Contemporary world faces some serious threats. These threats can be terrorism, robberies, killings and other issues. Terrorists are always in search of such festivals and social gatherings where the number of participants irrespective of the fact that they are performer or audience. This simply for the reason that the more big the gathering is the bigger will be the level of destruction which may be caused by these terrorists. Therefore, it turns out to be the responsibility of the event management team and the concerned authorities to make sure that all the available latest tools and other facilities like information technology and managements and security techniques are adopted in order to make sure that the event management is successful at the same time is safe as of any kind terrorist activity which may cause the loss of precious lives. (Getz, 2007) Conclusions: Considering the intricacies of IT organizations at present, there is a strong need of fine Event management practice and the requirement for technology enabled procedures is vital for best possible operational effectiveness. The purpose of an Event Management course is to perceive events of significant service factors and react instantly to direct those events. At present we want data gathered, concurrent, processed and then analyzed as much swiftly and correctly as possible. Effectiveness commence with prior preparation to get an idea that which services are essential and entail supervision along with usual reassess sessions to keep these rules clear, precise and applicable. (Reisinger, 2009) Technology contributes a great deal in enhancing the Event Management process by computerizing the real process actions themselves (for example event recognition, event announcement and automatic incident formation), and through analyzing the results as of some other associated procedures (such as Configuration Management). Incorporation with other practices (particularly Incident Management, crisis Management, Accessibility Management, Configuration Management and Service rank Management) is crucially significant to guarantee that events are handled efficiently and that the maximum levels of accessibility and service are kept. (Getz, 2007)